Comparative LCA of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Pathways: Environmental Impacts from Cradle-to-Wake for WCO, Tallow, Camelina, and Biodiesel

Abstract

The aviation industry, a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has increasingly sought sustainable alternatives to conventional jet fuel. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) offer a promising pathway toward decarbonization. This study presents a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparing four SAF feedstocks—Waste Cooking Oil (WCO), Tallow, Camelina, and Biodiesel—across a cradle-to-wake boundary. Environmental impacts, including GHG emissions, energy consumption, land use, and water footprint, are evaluated using standardized LCA methodologies and databases. Results reveal key trade-offs among the feedstocks, providing actionable insights for policy makers and industry stakeholders. While all SAF pathways demonstrate reduced emissions relative to fossil jet fuel, significant differences exist in resource usage and scalability, underlining the importance of feedstock selection for long-term sustainability.