Effect of climate change-induced environmental temperature on the dimensional stability of endodontic materials

Abstract

Climate change has introduced significant environmental challenges that extend beyond public health and into the performance of dental biomaterials. Rising ambient temperatures, increased frequency of heat waves, and greater variability in storage and transportation conditions can influence the physical and chemical properties of endodontic materials. Dimensional stability is a critical characteristic that determines the ability of root canal filling materials, sealers, and restorative materials to maintain their original dimensions during setting and throughout clinical service. Alterations in dimensional stability may result in shrinkage, expansion, microleakage, loss of adaptation to canal walls, and compromised long-term treatment outcomes. This review examines the effects of climate change-induced environmental temperature on the dimensional stability of commonly used endodontic materials, highlighting the underlying mechanisms of thermal expansion, polymerization behavior, moisture interactions, and material aging. It also discusses the clinical implications of temperature-related dimensional changes during material storage, handling, and application, as well as their potential impact on sealing ability, periapical healing, and treatment longevity. Furthermore, the review explores current strategies for improving thermal resilience through advances in biomaterial design, optimized storage protocols, and sustainable clinical practices. Understanding these interactions is essential for maintaining the reliability and clinical performance of endodontic materials under increasingly variable environmental conditions and for guiding the development of climate-resilient dental biomaterials.